Masyarakat Sebagai Sistem Sosial

Agus Salim Lubis, Wahidatu Sifa, Paridah Paridah, Miranda Karo Sekali, Jufriana Jufriana, Mita Dayanti

Abstract


Masyarakat merupakan suatu sistem sosial yang terbentuk melalui hubungan timbal balik antara individu, kelompok, nilai, norma, lembaga, struktur, dan kebudayaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis masyarakat sebagai sistem sosial melalui perspektif teori sosiologi klasik dan kontemporer, mengidentifikasi unsur-unsur pembentuknya, serta menjelaskan mekanisme integrasi dan dinamika perubahan dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian kepustakaan (library research). Data diperoleh dari karya-karya teoretis Émile Durkheim, Max Weber, Talcott Parsons, dan Niklas Luhmann, serta artikel jurnal ilmiah yang relevan. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui dokumentasi, sedangkan analisis menggunakan analisis isi (content analysis) dan analisis tematik (thematic analysis). Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat merupakan sistem sosial yang dinamis, ditandai oleh keterkaitan antarkomponen, pembagian fungsi, interaksi, komunikasi, serta mekanisme integrasi dan adaptasi. Teori Durkheim menjelaskan peran fakta sosial dan solidaritas, Weber menekankan makna tindakan individu, Parsons menguraikan fungsi dan keterkaitan antarkomponen sistem, sedangkan Luhmann menempatkan komunikasi dan diferensiasi sebagai dasar reproduksi sistem sosial. Dinamika masyarakat kontemporer memperlihatkan bahwa modernisasi, globalisasi, dan teknologi digital membawa peluang sekaligus tantangan berupa individualisme, polarisasi, disinformasi, dan ketimpangan sosial. Kajian ini menegaskan bahwa keberlanjutan sistem sosial bergantung pada kemampuan masyarakat membangun integrasi, kepercayaan, solidaritas, dan keadilan sosial sekaligus beradaptasi terhadap perubahan lingkungan.


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