Masyarakat Sebagai Sistem Sosial
Abstract
Masyarakat merupakan suatu sistem sosial yang terbentuk melalui hubungan timbal balik antara individu, kelompok, nilai, norma, lembaga, struktur, dan kebudayaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis masyarakat sebagai sistem sosial melalui perspektif teori sosiologi klasik dan kontemporer, mengidentifikasi unsur-unsur pembentuknya, serta menjelaskan mekanisme integrasi dan dinamika perubahan dalam kehidupan masyarakat. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian kepustakaan (library research). Data diperoleh dari karya-karya teoretis Émile Durkheim, Max Weber, Talcott Parsons, dan Niklas Luhmann, serta artikel jurnal ilmiah yang relevan. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui dokumentasi, sedangkan analisis menggunakan analisis isi (content analysis) dan analisis tematik (thematic analysis). Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa masyarakat merupakan sistem sosial yang dinamis, ditandai oleh keterkaitan antarkomponen, pembagian fungsi, interaksi, komunikasi, serta mekanisme integrasi dan adaptasi. Teori Durkheim menjelaskan peran fakta sosial dan solidaritas, Weber menekankan makna tindakan individu, Parsons menguraikan fungsi dan keterkaitan antarkomponen sistem, sedangkan Luhmann menempatkan komunikasi dan diferensiasi sebagai dasar reproduksi sistem sosial. Dinamika masyarakat kontemporer memperlihatkan bahwa modernisasi, globalisasi, dan teknologi digital membawa peluang sekaligus tantangan berupa individualisme, polarisasi, disinformasi, dan ketimpangan sosial. Kajian ini menegaskan bahwa keberlanjutan sistem sosial bergantung pada kemampuan masyarakat membangun integrasi, kepercayaan, solidaritas, dan keadilan sosial sekaligus beradaptasi terhadap perubahan lingkungan.
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Aruqaj, B. (2023). An integrated approach to the conceptualisation and measurement of social cohesion. Social Indicators Research, 168, 227–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-023-03110-z
Durkheim, E. (1982). The rules of sociological method (W. D. Halls, Trans.). Free Press. (Original work published 1895).
González-Bailón, S., & Lelkes, Y. (2023). Do social media undermine social cohesion? A critical review. Social Issues and Policy Review, 17(1), 155–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12091
González-Bailón, S., & Lelkes, Y. (2023). Do social media undermine social cohesion? A critical review. Social Issues and Policy Review, 17(1), 155–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/sipr.12091
Guedes, E. R., & Vinhas, O. I. (2021). Complexidade, cognição e conhecimento na teoria sistêmica de Niklas Luhmann. Mediações - Revista de Ciências Sociais, 26(2), 333–350. https://doi.org/10.5433/2176-6665.2021v26n2p333
Laursen, K. B., Harste, G., & Roth, S. (2022). Moral communication observed with social systems theory. An introduction. Kybernetes, 51(5), 1653–1665. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-01-2022-0059
Luhmann, N. (1995). Social systems (J. Bednarz Jr. & D. Baecker, Trans.). Stanford University Press.
MacIsaac, S., Wavrock, D., & Schellenberg, G. (2023). What holds us together? Measuring dimensions of social cohesion in Canada. Social Indicators Research, 169. https://doi.org/10.3233/SJI-230055
Parsons, T. (1951). The social system. Free Press.
Rodger, J. J. (2022). Luhmann's theory of psychic systems and communication in social work practice. Journal of Social Work, 22(3), 637–654. https://doi.org/10.1177/14680173211008107
Smith, L. G. E., & Thomas, E. F. (2025). A primer on politicization, polarization, radicalization, and activation and their implications for democracy in times of rapid technological change. British Journal of Social Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12903
Taekke, J. (2022). Algorithmic differentiation of society – A Luhmann perspective on the societal impact of digital media. Journal of Sociocybernetics, 18(1), 2–23. https://doi.org/10.26754/ojs_jos/jos.202216225
Üblacker, J., Liebig, S., & Hamad, H. (2024). Catalysts of connection. The role of digital information and communication technology in fostering neighbourhood social cohesion: A systematic review of empirical findings. Urban Studies. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980241281502
Vadapalli, S. K., Doyal, S., Vanheusden, F. J., Binder, J. F., et al. (2026). Exploring the impact of online misinformation on ideological polarisation and institutional distrust: An integrative review and strategic framework for counteraction. SN Social Sciences, 6, Article 87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-026-01349-0
Van Kempen, A. V., & Feldpausch-Parker, A. M. (2024). Communicating science addressing contentious environmental issues: Utilizing Luhmann's social systems theory. Frontiers in Communication, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2024.1348078
Weber, M. (1978). Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology (G. Roth & C. Wittich, Eds.). University of California Press.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
INDEXING
Jurnal Tarbiyah by UIN Sumatera Utara Medan is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Based on a work at http://jurnaltarbiyah.uinsu.ac.id/index.php/jurnaltips.
Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at http://jurnaltarbiyah.uinsu.ac.id/index.php/jurnaltips/about/submissions#copyrightNotice.
Sekretariat: Jl. William Iskandar Ps. V, Medan Estate, Kec. Percut Sei Tuan, Kabupaten Deli Serdang, Sumatera Utara 20371






